Where contracts fail, and runtimes/chains are needed

indeed, although I would actually mention things like on_idle or upcoming #[pallet::task] as they are more specific to a chain. Offchain worker is somewhat of a poorly understood concept and sometimes misleading. But indeed it is also unique to a runtime.

thanks for pointing that out, ill make sure to read up on that topic!

I do think you can have any language to also transpile to Solidity or compile to EVM byte code, so I don’t find this one unique to runtimes/chains/FRAME.

Agreed, however I think there is no current possibility to do so for most of the major languages (and I believe this is not going to happen in the (near) future as compiling - lets say javascript - to evm-bytecode is an extreme niche whereas wasm is more general in that matter).